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Category: Anthropology

How primate eye tracking reveals new insights into the evolution of language

How primate eye tracking reveals new insights into the evolution of language

Mariya Surmacheva/Shutterstock By Vanessa Wilson, University of Hull The human environment is a very social one. Family, friends, colleagues, strangers – they all provide a continuous stream of information that we need to track and make sense of. Who is dating whom? Who is in a fight with whom? While our capacity for dealing with such a large social network is impressive, it’s not something especially unique to humans. Other primates do it too. We – humans and other primates…

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New study reveals hunter-gatherers, regardless of gender, are the ultimate athletes

New study reveals hunter-gatherers, regardless of gender, are the ultimate athletes

ZME Science reports: Across the dense forests of the Congo, the sunlit islands of the Pacific, and the icy reaches of the Arctic, the few remaining hunter-gatherers have thrived thanks to their astonishing athleticism. A new study led by George Brill and colleagues from the University of Cambridge reveals that hunter-gatherer societies worldwide practiced an extraordinary range of locomotory behaviors. These include walking, running, swimming, diving, and climbing. One of the most intriguing findings was that men and women across…

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‘Large head people’: Fossil evidence of a newly discovered form of large brained hominin

‘Large head people’: Fossil evidence of a newly discovered form of large brained hominin

Science Alert reports: A “provocative” new piece in Nature has proposed a whole new group of ancient humans – cousins of the Denisovans and Neanderthals – that once lived alongside Homo sapiens in eastern Asia more than 100,000 years ago. The brains of these extinct humans, who probably hunted horses in small groups, were much bigger than any other hominin of their time, including our own species. Paleoanthropologist Xiujie Wu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and anthropologist Christopher Bae from the University of Hawai’i…

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Fossilized footprints reveal 2 extinct hominin species living side by side 1.5 million years ago

Fossilized footprints reveal 2 extinct hominin species living side by side 1.5 million years ago

Excavating the new trackway site, with footprints from hominins, birds and other animals visible in foreground. Neil Roach By Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Smithsonian Institution; Kevin Hatala, Chatham University, and Purity Kiura, National Museums of Kenya Human footprints stir the imagination. They invite you to follow, to guess what someone was doing and where they were going. Fossilized footprints preserved in rock do the same – they record instants in the lives of many different extinct organisms, back to the earliest…

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Their DNA survives in diverse populations across the world – but who were the Denisovans?

Their DNA survives in diverse populations across the world – but who were the Denisovans?

This finger bone discovered in Siberia in 2008 led to the original Denisovan discovery. Wikimedia, CC BY-SA By Linda Ongaro, Trinity College Dublin It started with a finger bone found in a cave in the Altai mountains in Siberia in the late 2000s. Thanks to advances in DNA analysis, this was all that was required for scientists to be able to identify an entirely new group of hominins, meaning upright primates on the same evolutionary branch as humans. Now known…

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What makes human culture unique?

What makes human culture unique?

Arizona State University News: Why is human culture — the shared body of knowledge passed down across generations — so much more powerful than animal cultures? “What’s special about our species?” is a question scientists have wrestled with for centuries, and now a scientist at Arizona State University has a new hypothesis that could change the way we perceive ourselves and the world around us. “Ten years ago, it was basically accepted that it was the ability of human culture…

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A new theory argues humans evolved through competition

A new theory argues humans evolved through competition

Megan Scudellari and Mark Belan write: A surprising discovery about human evolution began with a research study about, surprisingly, birds. Five years ago, evolutionary biologist Laura van Holstein at the University of Cambridge read a study on the role of competition in songbird evolution. The work, from an international team of evolutionary biologists, found that competition between interacting species of songbirds—over food, mates, and territory—drove the evolution of new traits, such as beak shape, across long timescales and large distances…

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Do animals know that they will die?

Do animals know that they will die?

Ross Andersen writes: Moni the chimpanzee was still new to the Dutch zoo when she lost her baby. The keepers hadn’t even known that she was pregnant. Neither did Zoë Goldsborough, a graduate student who had spent months jotting down every social interaction that occurred among the chimps, from nine to five, four days a week, for a study on jealousy. One chilly midwinter morning, Goldsborough found Moni sitting by herself on a high tree stump in the center of…

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The picture of early-human origins in Africa grows more complex

The picture of early-human origins in Africa grows more complex

The Washington Post reports: For decades, scientists who studied early modern humans believed that our ancestors initially inhabited only small areas of Africa, the savannas of the eastern and southern part of the continent, and then moved north into Asia, Europe and beyond. In this view, early humans bypassed West and Central Africa, especially tropical forests. These areas, the argument went, were populated much later. But now, a growing group of researchers has cast doubt on this narrative. Working in…

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Why did Homo sapiens outlast all other human species?

Why did Homo sapiens outlast all other human species?

Mindy Weisberger writes: Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are the sole surviving representatives of the human family tree, but we’re the last sentence in an evolutionary story that began approximately 6 million years ago and spawned at least 18 species known collectively as hominins. There were at least nine Homo species — including H. sapiens — distributed around Africa, Europe and Asia by about 300,000 years ago, according to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. One by one, all except H. sapiens disappeared. Neanderthals and a Homo group known as the Denisovans lived…

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This is what a Neanderthal conversation would have sounded like

This is what a Neanderthal conversation would have sounded like

Steven Mithen writes: We can only truly understand other people by knowing something about their language. Without that, we remain largely excluded from their lives – unable to fully grasp their concepts, emotions or how they perceive the world. This applies to people of the past as well as those of the present. The languages of some prehistoric humans (such as Bronze Age farmers) can be reconstructed, to a limited extent, by comparing languages that are spoken today. But what…

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Neanderthal-human baby-making was recent — and brief

Neanderthal-human baby-making was recent — and brief

Nature reports: Some 60,000 years ago, Neanderthals in western Eurasia acquired strange new neighbours: a wave of Homo sapiens migrants making their way out of Africa, en route to future global dominance. Now, a study of hundreds of ancient and modern genomes has pinpointed when the two species began pairing off — and has found that the genetic intermingling lasted for only a short time, at least on an evolutionary scale. The high-resolution analysis also allowed the authors to track…

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How Neanderthal language differed from modern human – they probably didn’t use metaphors

How Neanderthal language differed from modern human – they probably didn’t use metaphors

Neanderthal skull (foreground) contrasted with that of a modern human from the Palaeolithic. Petr Student By Steven Mithen, University of Reading The Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) fascinate researchers and the general public alike. They remain central to debates about the nature of the genus Homo (the broad biological classification that humans and their relatives fall into). Neanderthals are also vital for understanding the uniqueness or otherwise of our species, Homo sapiens. We shared an ancestor with the Neanderthals around 600,000 years…

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‘More Neanderthal than human’: How your health may depend on DNA from our long-lost ancestors

‘More Neanderthal than human’: How your health may depend on DNA from our long-lost ancestors

Live Science reports: The group had traveled for thousands of miles, crossing Africa and the Middle East until finally reaching the dimly lit forests of the new continent. They were long-vanished members of our modern human tribe, and among the first Homo sapiens to enter Europe. There, these people would likely have encountered their distant cousins: Neanderthals. These small bands of modern-human relatives had hooded brows, large heads and squat bodies, and they had spent epochs acclimating to Europe’s colder…

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Why did our ancestors make startling art in dark firelit caves?

Why did our ancestors make startling art in dark firelit caves?

Izzy Wisher writes: Charcoal drawings of stags, elegantly rendered in fluid lines, emerge under my torchlight as we squeeze through a tiny hidden entrance to a small chamber deep within Las Chimeneas cave in northern Spain. The chamber has space for just a couple of people, and certainly not standing, so we crouch on the cave floor and stare in awe at the depictions. Despite their remarkable freshness, they were drawn nearly 18,000 years ago. We sit in silence for…

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How the story of human evolution continues to branch out

How the story of human evolution continues to branch out

Razib Khan writes: Over the last 20 years, genomics, ancient DNA, and paleoanthropology have joined forces to completely overhaul our understanding of the origin of our species. The true diversity and complexity of human evolution over the last few hundred millennia surpasses even the most unhinged imaginings we might have hazarded just a short generation ago. But greater clarity has left us with a messier and less elegant narrative. Our species’ status, it turns out, is “complicated.” In the year…

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